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Encantado a Mythical Creature That Can Change From a Pink Dolphin to a Human and Back Again

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Species of toothed whale

Amazon river dolphin
Amazonas Flussdelfin Apure Orinoco Duisburg 01.jpg
Illustration of human next to dolphin
Size compared to an average homo

Conservation condition


Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]

CITES Appendix Ii (CITES)[2]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Lodge: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family unit: Iniidae
Genus: Inia
Species:

I. geoffrensis

Binomial name
Inia geoffrensis

(Blainville, 1817)
Cetacea range map Amazon River Dolphin.PNG
Amazon river dolphin range

The Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis), too known as the boto, bufeo or pink river dolphin, is a species of toothed whale classified in the family Iniidae. Three subspecies are currently recognized: I. grand. geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin), I. g. boliviensis (Bolivian river dolphin) and I. g. humboldtiana (Orinoco river dolphin) while position of Araguaian river dolphin (I. araguaiaensis) inside the clade is all the same unclear.[3] [4] The three subspecies are distributed in the Amazon basin, the upper Madeira River in Bolivia, and the Orinoco basin, respectively.

The Amazon river dolphin is the largest species of river dolphin, with adult males reaching 185 kilograms (408 lb) in weight, and 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in length. Adults learn a pink color, more prominent in males, giving it its nickname "pink river dolphin". Sexual dimorphism is very evident, with males measuring 16% longer and weighing 55% more than females. Like other toothed whales, they have a melon, an organ that is used for bio sonar. The dorsal fin, although brusque in elevation, is regarded every bit long, and the pectoral fins are also large. The fin size, unfused vertebrae, and its relative size permit for improved manoeuvrability when navigating flooded forests and capturing prey.

They take one of the widest ranging diets among toothed whales, and feed on up to 53 different species of fish, such every bit croakers, catfish, tetras and piranhas. They also consume other animals such equally river turtles and freshwater crabs.[5]

In 2008, this species was ranked by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as being data deficient, due to the uncertainty regarding its population trends and the bear upon of threats. While hunting is a major threat, in recent decades greater impacts on population accept been due to the loss of habitat and inadvertent entanglement in fishing lines.

It is the only species of river dolphin kept in captivity, mainly in Venezuela and Europe. It is difficult to railroad train and a high mortality rate is seen amidst captive individuals.

Taxonomy [edit]

The species Inia geoffrensis was described past Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1817. Originally, the Amazon river dolphin belonged to the superfamily Platanistoidea, which constituted all river dolphins, making them a paraphyletic group.[vi] Today, however, the Amazon river dolphin has been reclassified into the superfamily Inioidea.[seven] There is no consensus on when and how they penetrated the Amazon bowl; they may have done so during the Miocene from the Pacific Ocean, earlier the formation of the Andes, or from the Atlantic Ocean.[8] [9]

In that location is ongoing debate about the classification of species and subspecies, with large international bodies being in disagreement. The IUCN recognizes 3 subspecies:[1] I. k. geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin), I. g. boliviensis (Bolivian river dolphin), and I. m. humboldtiana (Orinoco river dolphin);[7] while the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy only recognizes the commencement two of these.[ten]

However, based on skull morphology in 1994, it was proposed that I. k. boliviensis was a different species.[11] In 2002, following the analysis of mitochondrial Dna specimens from the Orinoco basin, the Putumayo River (tributary of the Amazon) and the Tijamuchy and Ipurupuru rivers, geneticists proposed that genus Inia exist divided into at least two evolutionary lineages: one restricted to the river basins of Republic of bolivia and the other widely distributed in the Orinoco and Amazon.[12] [13] A contempo written report, with more comprehensive sampling of the Madeira system, including higher up and beneath the Teotonio Rapids (which were thought to obstruct gene flow), constitute that the Inia higher up the rapids did not possess unique mtDNA.[14] Every bit such the species level stardom once held is not supported past current results. Therefore, the Bolivian river dolphin is currently recognized as a subspecies. In addition, a 2014 written report identifies a 3rd species in the Araguaia-Tocantins basin,[15] just this designation is not recognized by whatever international organisation and the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy suggests this analysis is non persuasive.[10]

Subspecies [edit]

Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis [7] inhabits most of the Amazon River, including rivers Tocantins, Araguaia, depression Xingu and Tapajos, the Madeira to the rapids of Porto Velho, and rivers Purus, Yurua, Ica, Caqueta, Branco, and the Rio Negro through the channel of Casiquiare to San Fernando de Atabapo in the Orinoco river, including its tributary: the Guaviare.

Inia geoffrensis boliviensis [seven] has populations in the upper reaches of the Madeira River, upstream of the rapids of Teotonio, in Republic of bolivia. Information technology is confined to the Mamore River and its main tributary, the Iténez.[16]

Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana [7] are located in the Orinoco River basin, including the Apure and Meta rivers. This subspecies is restricted, at to the lowest degree during the dry season, to the waterfalls of Rio Negro rapids in the Orinoco betwixt Samariapo and Puerto Ayacucho, and the Casiquiare canal. This subspecies is not recognized by the Committee on Taxonomy of the Gild for Marine Mammalogy,[x] or the IUCN.[1]

Biology and ecology [edit]

Clarification [edit]

Male Amazon river dolphins are either solid pinkish or mottled grey/pinkish.

The Amazon river dolphin is the largest river dolphin. Adult males reach a maximum length and weight of two.55 metres (eight.4 ft) (average 2.32 metres (7.6 ft)) and 185 kilograms (408 lb) (boilerplate 154 kilograms (340 lb)), while females reach a length and weight of 2.15 metres (7.1 ft) (mean two metres (6.6 ft)) and 150 kilograms (330 lb) (boilerplate 100 kilograms (220 lb)). Information technology has very evident sexual dimorphism, with males measuring and weighing betwixt 16% and 55% more than females, making it unique among river dolphins, where females are generally larger than males.[17]

The texture of the body is robust and potent just flexible. Unlike in oceanic dolphins, the cervical vertebrae are not fused, allowing the caput to plow 90 degrees.[18] The flukes are wide and triangular, and the dorsal fin, which is keel-shaped, is short in height but very long, extending from the middle of the body to the caudal region. The pectoral fins are big and paddle-shaped. The length of its fins allows the animal to perform a circular movement, assuasive for infrequent maneuverability to swim through the flooded wood just decreasing its speed.[nineteen]

The torso color varies with historic period. Newborns and the young have a nighttime grey tint, which in adolescence transforms into light grey, and in adults turns pinkish equally a event of repeated chafe of the skin surface. Males tend to exist pinker than females due to more frequent trauma from intra-species aggression. The color of adults varies between solid and mottled pink and in some adults the dorsal surface is darker. It is believed that the departure in color depends on the temperature, water transparency, and geographical location. At that place is ane albino on record, kept in an aquarium in Germany.

The skull of the species is slightly asymmetrical compared to the other toothed whales. It has a long, thin snout, with 25 to 28 pairs of long and slender teeth to each side of both jaws. Dentition is heterodont, significant that the teeth differ in shape and length, with differing functions for both grabbing and crushing casualty. Anterior teeth are conical and later on have ridges on the inside of the crown. Despite modest optics, the species seems to accept good eyesight in and out of the water. It has a melon on the head, the shape of which can be modified by muscular control when used for biosonar. Breathing takes place every xxx to 110 seconds.[19]

Longevity [edit]

Apure the dolphin lived for more 40 years at the Duisburg Zoo

Life expectancy of the Amazon river dolphin in the wild is unknown, but in captivity, the longevity of healthy individuals has been recorded at between 10 and 30 years. All the same, a 1986 written report of the average longevity in convict animals in the United states is only 33 months.[20] An individual named Infant at the Duisburg Zoo, Germany, lived at least 46 years, spending 45 years, 9 months at the zoo.[21]

Behavior [edit]

The Amazon river dolphin are commonly seen singly or in twos, but may likewise occur in pods that rarely contain more than than eight individuals.[22] Pods as large equally 37 individuals have been seen in the Amazon, just average is three. In the Orinoco, the largest observed groups number 30, simply boilerplate is just above five.[22] During prey time, as many every bit 35 pink dolphins piece of work together to obtain their prey.[23] Typically, social bonds occur between mother and kid, just may also been seen in heterogeneous groups or bachelor groups. The largest congregations are seen in areas with abundant food, and at the mouths of rivers. There is significant segregation during the rainy season, with males occupying the river channels, while females and their offspring are located in flooded areas. However, in the dry out season, there is no such separation.[xviii] [24] Due to the high level of prey fish, larger group-sizes are seen in large sections that are straight influenced by whitewater (such as main rivers and lakes, particularly during low water flavor) than in smaller sections influenced past blackwater (such as channels and smaller tributaries).[22] In their freshwater habitat they are apex predators and gatherings depend more on food sources and habitat availability than in oceanic dolphins where protection from larger predators is necessary.[22]

Captive studies have shown that the Amazon river dolphin is less shy than the bottlenose dolphin, simply also less sociable. It is very curious and has a remarkable lack of fright of strange objects. However, dolphins in captivity may not evidence the aforementioned behavior that they do in their natural environs, where they have been reported to hold the oars of the fishermen, rub against the boat, pluck underwater plants, and play with sticks, logs, clay, turtles, snakes, and fish.[7]

They are slow swimmers; they commonly travel at speeds of 1.5 to 3.2 kilometres per hour (0.93 to 1.99 mph) but have been recorded to swim at speeds upwardly to 14 to 22 kilometres per hour (eight.seven to thirteen.7 mph). When they surface, the tips of the snout, melon and dorsal fins appear simultaneously, the tail rarely showing earlier diving. They can besides shake their fins, and pull their tail fin and head higher up the water to detect the environment. They occasionally bound out of the water, sometimes every bit high as a meter (3.14 ft). They are harder to train than almost other species of dolphin.[vii]

Courtship [edit]

Adult males accept been observed carrying objects in their mouths such as branches or other floating vegetation, or balls of hardened clay. The males appear to carry these objects as a socio-sexual display which is part of their mating organization. The behavior is "triggered by an unusually large number of adult males and/or adult females in a group, or maybe it attracts such into the group. A plausible explanation of the results is that object-conveying is aimed at females and is stimulated by the number of females in the group, while aggression is aimed at other developed males and is stimulated by object-carrying in the group."[25] Before determining that the species had an evident sexual dimorphism, it was postulated that the river dolphins were monogamous. Later, it was shown that males were larger than females and are documented wielding an aggressive sexual behavior in the wild and in captivity. Males often take a significant degree of damage in the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins, every bit well every bit the blowhole, due to bites and abrasions. They likewise normally have numerous secondary teeth-raking scars. This suggests fierce competition for access to females, with a polygynous mating arrangement, though polyandry and promiscuity cannot exist excluded.[26]

In captivity, courting and mating foreplay have been documented. The male takes the initiative by nibbling the fins of the female, only reacts aggressively if the female person is not receptive. A loftier frequency of copulations in a couple was observed; they used three unlike positions: contacting the womb at right angles, lying head to head, or head to tail.[9]

Reproduction [edit]

Breeding is seasonal, and births occur between May and June. The period of birthing coincides with the flood flavour, and this may provide an advantage because the females and their offspring remain in flooded areas longer than males. Equally the water level begins to decrease, the density of nutrient sources in flooded areas increases due to loss of space, providing enough energy for infants to see the high demands required for growth. Gestation is estimated to be effectually eleven months and captive births take iv to 5 hours. At nascence, calves are lxxx centimetres (31 in) long and in captivity accept registered a growth of 0.21 metres (0.69 ft) per year. Lactation takes well-nigh a twelvemonth. The interval betwixt births is estimated between 15 and 36 months, and the young dolphins are thought to become contained within two to 3 years.[9]

The relatively long duration of breastfeeding and parenting suggests a strong mother-child bond. Nigh couples observed in their natural environment consist of a female person and her calf. This suggests that long periods of parental care contribute to learning and development of the young.[9]

Diet [edit]

Amazon river dolphin feeding

The diet of the Amazon river dolphin is the most diverse of the toothed whales. It consists of at least 53 different species of fish, grouped in 19 families. The prey size is betwixt 5 and 80 centimetres (2.0 and 31.5 in), with an average of twenty centimetres (7.9 in). The virtually frequently consumed fish vest to the families Sciaenidae (croakers), Cichlidae, and Characidae (tetras and piranhas). The dolphin's dentition allows information technology to admission shells of river turtles and freshwater venereal.[5] [7] The nutrition is more diverse during the wet season, when fish are spread in flooded areas outside riverbeds, thus becoming more than difficult to catch. The diet becomes more than selective during the dry season when prey density is greater.[19]

Usually, these dolphins are active and feeding throughout the mean solar day and night. However, they are predominantly crepuscular. They eat about 5.v% of their body weight per day. They sometimes take advantage of the disturbances made by boats to take hold of disoriented casualty. Sometimes, they associate with the distantly-related tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis), and giant otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) to hunt in a coordinated manner, by gathering and attacking fish stocks at the same time. Plainly, in that location is little contest for food between these species, as each prefers different casualty. It has also been observed that captive dolphins share food.[5] [7]

Echolocation [edit]

Amazonian rivers are frequently very murky, and the Amazon river dolphin is therefore probable to depend much more on its sense of echolocation than vision when navigating and finding casualty. Nevertheless, echolocation in shallow waters and flooded forests may result in many echoes to keep runway of. For each click produced a multitude of echoes are likely to render to the echolocating animal almost on top of each other which makes object discrimination difficult. This may be why the Amazon river dolphin produces less powerful clicks compared to other like sized toothed whales.[27] By sending out clicks of lower amplitude only nearby objects will bandage dorsum detectable echoes, and hence fewer echoes demand to be sorted out, but the cost is a reduced biosonar range. Toothed whales generally do not produce a new echolocation click until all relevant echoes from the previous click have been received,[28] so if detectable echoes are only reflected dorsum from nearby objects, the echoes will speedily return, and the Amazon river dolphin is then able to click at a high rate.[27] This in turn allow these animals to have a high acoustic update rate on their surround which may help prey tracking when echolocating in shallow rivers and flooded forests with plenty of hiding places for the prey. While preying in murky h2o, they emit series of clicking noises, 30 to 80 per second, which they use by listening to the bouncing sonar which bounces off their prey.[23]

Communication [edit]

Like other dolphins, river dolphins use whistling tones to communicate. The issuance of these sounds is related to the time they return to the surface before diving, suggesting a link to food. Acoustic assay revealed that the vocalisations are different in structure from the typical whistles of other species of dolphins.[29]

Distribution and population [edit]

The main branch of the Amazon River near Fonte Boa, Brazil, with multiple floodplains, lakes and smaller channels. The Amazon river dolphin is observed here throughout the twelvemonth

Amazon river dolphins are the most widespread river dolphins. They are present in six countries in South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Republic of ecuador, Republic of peru, and Venezuela, in an surface area covering nigh 7,000,000 square kilometres (two,700,000 sq mi). The boundaries are set by waterfalls, such as the Xingu and Tapajós rivers in Brazil, as well equally very shallow water. A series of rapids and waterfalls in the Madeira River take isolated one population, recognized every bit the subspecies I. g. boliviensis, in the southern part of the Amazon bowl in Bolivia.[seven]

They are too distributed in the basin of the Orinoco River, except the Caroni River and the upper Caura River in Venezuela. The only connection between the Orinoco and the Amazon is through the Casiquiare canal. The distribution of dolphins in the rivers and surrounding areas depends on the time of year; in the dry out season they are located in the river beds, but in the rainy season, when the rivers overflow, they disperse to the flooded areas, both the forests and the plains.[7]

Studies to estimate the population are difficult to analyze due to the difference in the methodology used. In a report conducted in the stretch of the Amazon called Solimões River, with a length of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) between the cities of Manaus and Tabatinga, a total of 332 individuals was sighted ± 55 per inspection. Density was estimated at 0.08–0.33 animals per foursquare kilometer in the main channels, and 0.49 to 0.93 animals per square kilometer in the branches. In another study, on a stretch of 120 kilometres (75 mi) at the confluence of Colombia, Brazil and Peru, 345 individuals with a density of 4.8 per square km in the tributaries around the islands. 2.vii and two.0 were observed along the banks. Additionally, some other study was conducted in the Amazon at the height of the oral cavity of the Caqueta River for 6 days. Every bit a effect of the studies conducted, it was establish that the density is higher in the riverbanks, 3.7 per km, decreasing towards the middle of the river. In studies conducted during the rainy season, the density observed in the flood patently was 18 animals per foursquare km, while on the banks of rivers and lakes ranged from 1.8 to v.8 individuals per foursquare km. These observations suggest that the Amazon river dolphin is plant in higher density than whatever other cetacean.[7]

Habitat and migration [edit]

The Amazon river dolphin is located in near of the expanse's aquatic habitats, including; river basins, major courses of rivers, canals, river tributaries, lakes, and at the ends of rapids and waterfalls. Cyclical changes in the h2o levels of rivers take place throughout the year. During the dry out season, dolphins occupy the primary river channels, and during the rainy season, they tin motility hands to smaller tributaries, to the forest, and to floodplains.[9]

Males and females appear to have selective habitat preferences, with the males returning to the primary river channels when h2o levels are withal loftier, while the females and their offspring remain in the flooded areas as long as possible; probably considering it decreases the risk of assailment by males toward the young and predation by other species.[9]

In the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, Peru, photo-identification is used to recognize individuals based on pigmentation patterns, scars and abnormalities in the pecker. 72 individuals were recognized, of which 25 were once more observed between 1991 and 2000. The intervals betwixt sightings ranged from i day to 7.5 years. The maximum range of motion was 220 kilometres (140 mi), with an boilerplate of 60.eight kilometres (37.eight mi). The longest distance in ane mean solar day was 120 kilometres (75 mi), with an average of 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi).[thirty] In a previous study conducted at the middle of the Amazon River, a dolphin was observed that moved just a few dozen kilometers from the dry out season and wet season. Nevertheless, iii of the reviewed 160 animals were observed over 100 kilometres (62 mi) from where they were starting time registered.[16] Research in 2011 concluded that photo-identification past skilled operatives using high-quality digital equipment could exist a useful tool in monitoring population size, movements and social patterns.[31]

Interactions with humans [edit]

In captivity [edit]

The Amazon river dolphin has historically been kept in dolphinariums. Today, only one exists in captivity, at Zoologico de Guistochoca in Republic of peru. Several hundred were captured between the 1950s and 1970s, and were distributed in dolphinariums throughout the US, Europe, and Nihon. Effectually 100 went to Usa dolphinariums, and of that, only xx survived; the last died at the Pittsburgh Zoo in 2002.[eighteen]

Threats [edit]

The region of the Amazon in Brazil has an extension of 5,000,000 km2 (one,900,000 sq mi) containing diverse key ecosystems.[32] [33] I of these ecosystems is a floodplain, or a várzea wood, and is habitation to a large number of fish species which are an essential resource for human being consumption.[34] The várzea is too a major source of income through excessive local commercialized fishing.[32] [35] [36] Várzea consists of muddy river waters containing a vast number and multifariousness of nutrient rich species.[25] The affluence of distinct fish species lures the Amazon River dolphin into the várzea areas of loftier water occurrences during the seasonal flooding.[37]

In addition to attracting predators such as the Amazon river dolphin, these loftier-water occurrences are an ideal location to depict in the local fisheries. Human fishing activities direct compete with the dolphins for the same fish species, the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and the pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), resulting in deliberate or unintentional catches of the Amazon river dolphin.[38] [39] [40] [32] [41] [42] [43] [44] The local fishermen overfish and when the Amazon River dolphins remove the commercial catch from the nets and lines, it causes damages to the equipment and the capture, as well as generating ill volition from the local fishermen.[xl] [42] [43] The negative reactions of the local fishermen are likewise attributed to the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources prohibition on killing the Amazon river dolphin, nonetheless not compensating the fishermen for the damage done to their equipment and catch.[44]

During the process of catching the commercialized fish, the Amazon river dolphins get caught in the nets and exhaust themselves until they die, or the local fishermen deliberately kill the entangled dolphins.[34] The carcasses are discarded, consumed, or used every bit bait to attract a scavenger catfish, the piracatinga (Calophysus macropterus).[34] [45] The use of the Amazon river dolphin carcass as bait for the piracatinga dates back to 2000.[45] Increasing demand for the piracatinga has created a market for distribution of the Amazon river dolphin carcasses to be used as allurement throughout these regions.[44]

Of the 15 dolphin carcasses institute in the Japurá River in 2010–2011 surveys, 73% of the dolphins were killed for bait, disposed of, or abased in entangled gillnets.[34] The information do not fully stand for the actual overall number of deaths of the Amazon river dolphins, whether accidental or intentional, because a variety of factors make it extremely complicated to record and medically examine all the carcasses.[34] [39] [42] Scavenger species feed upon the carcasses, and the complexity of the river currents brand information technology nearly impossible to locate all of the dead animals.[34] More than chiefly, the local fishermen practise not report these deaths out of fear that a legal grade of action will be taken against them,[34] as the Amazon river dolphin and other cetaceans are protected under a Brazilian federal law prohibiting whatever takes, harassments, and kills of the species.[46]

The Amazon river is also threatened by the dumping of mercury into its waters from industrial mining, along with other harsh chemicals. Simply like deforestation and burning, mercury in the water of the Amazon river is very dangerous for the animal of the river. In 2019, F. Mosquera-Guerra at al, published a study that showed the presence of mercury in the Amazon river dolphins. They analyzed the dolphin's muscle tissue of different taxa of the Amazon basin and found high concentrations of mercury in the Tapajos River (Brazil) from an adult male of I. g. geoffrensis (pinkish dolphin).[47]

Conservation [edit]

In 2008, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) expressed concern for captured botos for utilise every bit bait in the Central Amazon, which is an emerging problem that has spread on a large calibration. The species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Animal and Flora (CITES), and Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,[48] considering it has an unfavorable conservation condition or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organized by tailored agreements.

Co-ordinate to a previous assessment past the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission in 2000, the population of botos appears great and there is piddling or no testify of population decline in numbers and range. Nevertheless, increased human intervention on their habitat is expected to, in the futurity, be the most likely cause of the refuse of its range and population. A serial of recommendations were issued to ensure proper follow-up to the species, among which is the implementation and publication of studies on the structure of populations, making a tape of the distribution of the species, data most potential threats as the magnitude of fishing operations and location of pipelines.[49]

In September 2012, Bolivian President Evo Morales enacted a law to protect the dolphin and alleged it a national treasure.[eighteen] [50]

In 2018, the species was listed on the Carmine list of endangered species.[one]

Increasing pollution and gradual destruction of the Amazon rainforest add to the vulnerability of the species. The biggest threats are deforestation and other human activities that contribute to disrupt and alter their surroundings.[7] Some other source of concern is the difficulty in keeping these animals alive in captivity, due to intra-species aggression and low longevity. Convict breeding is not considered a conservation option for this species.[51]

In mythology [edit]

In traditional Amazon River folklore, at night, an Amazon river dolphin becomes a handsome immature homo who seduces girls, impregnates them, and then returns to the river in the morning to become a dolphin once more. Similarly, the female person becomes a beautiful, well-dressed, wealthy-looking young woman. She goes to the house of a married man, places him nether a spell to keep him serenity, and takes him to a thatched hut and visits him every yr on the same nighttime she seduced him. On the seventh night of visiting, she changes the human being into a female – infant or male person, and soon transfers it into his own married woman's womb. The mythology is said to be the cycle of a baby. This dolphin shapeshifter is chosen an encantado. The myth has been suggested to have arisen partly because dolphin genitalia deport a resemblance to those of humans. Others believe the myth served (and even so serves) every bit a way of hiding the incestuous relations which are quite common in some modest, isolated communities along the river.[52] In the area, tales chronicle it is bad luck to kill a dolphin. Legend also states that if a person makes eye contact with an Amazon river dolphin, they will have lifelong nightmares. According to the pink Amazon river dolphin myth, it is said that this creature takes form of a human and seduces men and women to the Underworld of Encante. This underworld place is said to be 'Atlantis-similar Paradise', nonetheless no one has come back from it alive. Myths say that whoever kills the amazon dolphin will have bad luck, but it'due south worse for whoever eats information technology.[53] Local legends besides country that the dolphin is the guardian of the Amazonian manatee, and that if one should wish to discover a manatee, ane must first make peace with the dolphin.

Associated with these legends is the use of various fetishes, such every bit stale eyeballs and genitalia.[52] These may or may not be accompanied by the intervention of a shaman. A recent study has shown, despite the claim of the seller and the conventionalities of the buyers, none of these fetishes is derived from the boto. They are derived from Sotalia guianensis, are most likely harvested along the declension and the Amazon River delta, then are traded up the Amazon River. In inland cities far from the coast, many, if not almost, of the fetishes are derived from domestic animals such as sheep and pigs.[54]

Gallery [edit]

  • Amazon river dolphin skull (Inia geoffrensis)

  • Centre of the Amazon river dolphin

  • Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)

See also [edit]

  • Unihemispheric tiresome-wave sleep
  • List of cetaceans
  • Porpoise
  • Dolphin
  • Dolphinarium
  • Pacific Bounding main
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Boto

References [edit]

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  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org . Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ Hrbek, Tomas; Da Silva, Vera Maria Ferreira; Dutra, Nicole; Gravena, Waleska; Martin, Anthony R.; Farias, Izeni Pires (22 January 2014). Turvey, Samuel T. (ed.). "A New Species of River Dolphin from Brazil or: How Little Do Nosotros Know Our Biodiversity". PLOS I. 9 (ane): e83623. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...983623H. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0083623. PMC3898917. PMID 24465386.
  4. ^ "List of Marine Mammal Species & Subspecies". Guild for Marine Mammalogy. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b c American Cetacean Order Fact Sheet. "Boto (Amazon river dolphin)". American Cetacean Society. Retrieved xviii May 2019.
  6. ^ The Paleobiology database. "Superfamily Platanistoidea". fossilworks . Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f one thousand h i j thou fifty yard Wilson, Don; Reeder, DeeAnn (2005). Mammal Species of the World. Vol. two. p. 738. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0 . Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  8. ^ Hamilton, H.; S. Caballero; A. G. Collins & R. L. Brownell Jr. (2001). "Evolution of river dolphins". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 268 (1466): 549–556. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1385. PMC1088639. PMID 11296868.
  9. ^ a b c d east f Bebej, Ryan (2006). "Inia geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin)". Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved xi Baronial 2017.
  10. ^ a b c "List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies - Social club for Marine Mammalogy". www.marinemammalscience.org . Retrieved 1 September 2017.
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External links [edit]

  • Omacha Foundation—A non-authorities and non-turn a profit organization created to report, enquiry and protect river dolphins and other fauna and aquatic ecosystems in Colombia. Winner of the 2007 Whitley Awards (UK).
  • River Dolphin Research Programme—Enquiry projection devoted to the written report of the ecology and conservation of river dolphins in the Amazon bowl, based in the Federal Academy of Western Pará. The scope of this research project focuses on ecological studies, equally well as the touch that homo activities have on their survival.
  • Convention on Migratory Species page on the Amazon Dolphin

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_river_dolphin

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